A new experimental simulation method for the development of non-renewable hydrogen energy—Oil and gas resources

At present, the proportion of tight oil in non-renewable hydrogen energy is increasing. According to an initial exploration and attemptable practice on the exploration of tight oil, it is found that the cost can be controlled effectively and positive effects are achieved. But this technique cannot make sure the proppants filled uniformly in the long fracture. Several researches on the proppants migration experiment devices and factors influencing on proppant setting are reviewed and a new set of experimental device to simulate the laws of proppants setting in long fracture is developed. This device can simulate the main factors influencing proppants setting performance. It analyzes several factors such as wall filtration, construction displacement, sand concentration, proppant size and density, viscosity of fracturing fluid is used to rank the influencing degree of every factor. Considering the effects of mutual interference between proppants, width of fracture, rough fracture surface and fracture surface filtration during the proppants setting progress, the mathematical model of proppant setting is modified by adding sand concentration correction factor, wall effect correction factor and filtration correction factor. The experimental data verify the accuracy of the settlement model is established using the data getting from experiment.     

Survival of Salmonella spp. in low water activity chicken base paste and powder formulated at different salt levels

Dry flavor ingredients such as black pepper and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) have been frequently recalled from the supply chain due to contamination with Salmonella. These spices are commonly used in preparation of savory meat flavor bases. This study evaluated the effect of various salt levels on the survival of Salmonella spp. in chicken bases formulated with pepper and HVP, in either paste or powder form. The salt content (% w/w), a_w and pH for regular-salt, 45% reduced-salt and 90% reduced-salt paste formulations were 33.0, 0.686, 5.75; 18.2, 0.691, 5.85; and 3.5, 0.751, 5.96, respectively, and powder formulations were 34.0, 0.254, 6.15; 18.5, 0.290, 6.28; and 3.1, 0.301, 6.50, respectively. To mimic natural contamination, a dry sand inoculation technique was used to prepare the samples. A five serovar cocktail of Salmonella was used and the final inoculation level in the samples was 7.5 ± 0.2 log CFU/g. Inoculated paste samples were stored at 21 °C for up to 12 weeks, and up to 42 weeks for powder formulations. Salmonella counts did not increase in either treatment during storage. The effect of salt levels on Salmonella survival was insignificant. There was a 5.2 ± 0.4 log reduction in paste formulations by 3 week. However, low Salmonella counts (<1.0 log CFU/g) were detected in samples from 6 to 12 weeks. In powder formulations, minimal log reductions of 1.3 ± 0.1 were observed over 42 weeks. When preparing a food product that does not undergo a kill step, it is necessary to ensure the absence of Salmonella in the ingredients, as well as practicing strict adherence to good manufacturing practices including proper environmental monitoring and sanitation in food processing. Furthermore, adequate consumer cooking instructions are important to ensure proper Salmonella lethality during preparation of reconstituted dry products.     

低信噪比通信信号的自适应调参随机共振方法

参数调节随机共振系统中参数的选择对输出信号的效果优劣具有决定性作用.本文针对目前随机共振无法通用地处理多类微弱通信信号的问题，提出基于自适应调参随机共振的信号增强方法.首先，从信号的特征子空间角度阐释了随机共振的能量转移本质，提出将基于奇异值分解的测度函数作为评价函数进行寻优.其次，在分析了两个不同系统参数的作用后，利用幅度归一化对单参数优化，降低了复杂度，并将滑动平均滤波器加入随机共振模块来防止幅度漂移.最后，以人工鱼群算法为基础，模块化设计出方法的整体框架和具体步骤.仿真结果表明，针对四类共九种信号，该方法能够以平均4至5次的迭代收敛速度实现带噪声的信号和非线性系统的匹配.     

Theoretical analysis of geometrical and mechanical parameters in plain woven structures

An analytic solution for the estimation of structural parameters and initial tensile modulus of plain woven fabrics under uniaxial tensile loading in their linear elastic domain of deformation is presented. For this purpose, a new approach in straight line geometry with a parallel segment to the fabric plane and an inclined segment at the weave intersection in 3D form is proposed which leads to the theoretical estimation of all the structural parameters of plain woven fabrics with saw-tooth geometry. Defining and applying of JJ₂ Ratio in the model enable us to modify the geometrical model and estimate the value of structural parameters considering the history of samples influenced mainly by its manufacturing process. The strain energy method and Castigliano’s theorem are used for the mechanical analysis of the structure. The elasticity, bending, shearing, and compression rigidity of yarns are incorporated into the model. It has been shown that predicting the geometrical and mechanical parameters of woven fabrics before production are possible if and only if the crimp value of the fabrics can be estimated before their production. The proposed theory is validated and compared by applying into some experimental data and a previous model.     

Cyclic resistance of fly ash influenced by anisotropic stress condition,sand contents,and gravel content

A series of cyclic triaxial tests were performed to study the effect of anisotropic stress, sand content (in a fly ash-sand mixture), and addition of gravel on the cyclic resistance of fly ash. The results indicated that the failure mode of pure fly ash in the presence of isotropic stress was cyclic mobility and that the cyclic resistance of pure fly ash was significantly lower than that of clean Nakdong River sand for given test conditions. The cyclic resistance of pure fly ash decreased when the effective confining stress increased from 100 to 200 kPa, as expected. The failure of pure fly ash conducted in the absence of stress reversal was due to the initial axial strain accumulation and subsequent sudden runaway deformation, and this failure mode differed dramatically from that of fly ash conducted under symmetrical stress reversal. An increase in the anisotropic ratio resulted in a decrease in the cyclic resistance of pure fly ash. Nakdong River sand and gravels were added to pure fly ash and it was examined whether the cyclic resistance of fly ash increased. Addition of sand was observed to decrease the cyclic resistance for 10% and 20% sand content by volume, regardless of the amount of increase in the dry density of the samples. Furthermore, the cyclic resistance of fly ash-gravel mixtures was greater than that of pure fly ash by approximately 17%.     

Liquefaction analysis of Izumio sands under variation of ground motions during strong earthquake in Osaka,Japan

This paper presents a study of liquefaction analysis at sand layers of the Izumio site, under ground motion variation during a strong earthquake in Osaka, Japan. Site investigation using standard penetration test and shear wave velocity measurement is conducted. Finite element liquefaction site response analysis integrated with a strain space multiple mechanism model is conducted. Ground motions variation is considered based on the seismic record at surrounding seismic stations. Attenuation analysis is conducted to determine the scaling factor for ground motions. Several results, such as acceleration profiles and cyclic behaviours are presented. The empirical analysis is also conducted to verify the results of the numerical analysis. The results explained that cyclic behaviours of sandy layers in the Izumio site show the liquefaction tendency. The results also showed that sandy layers are indicated as critical layers during the strong earthquake due to the excess pore water pressure reaching the liquefaction threshold. The results of the empirical analysis also present liquefaction indication at sand layers under the variation of ground motion, since the factor of safety against liquefaction is less than 1. The results are generally well-agree with liquefaction evidence and prediction presented in the previous study. The results could bring practical importance in understanding liquefaction potential in the study area.     

Insight into excess pore pressure generation leading to liquefaction of sand with stress history under saturated and unsaturated conditions

Assessments of the liquefaction resistance of clean sand still involve considerable uncertainties, which are a current research topic in the field of soil liquefaction. The factors considered and discussed in this study include the loading history, degree of saturation, and partial drainage. The effects of each of these factors on pore pressure generation and liquefaction resistance have been studied for decades in the laboratory, and empirical relationships have been derived. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain these effects using the unique index of volumetric strain. A pore pressure generation model is developed which is similar to that of Martin et al. (1975), but based on stress-controlled triaxial tests. The model is verified through comparisons of its results with those of laboratory tests. It is confirmed that the plastic volumetric strain that has accumulated in sand, either by drained or undrained cyclic loading, dominates the increase in the liquefaction resistance of the sand. However, the plastic volumetric strain caused by overconsolidation is less effective in reducing the volumetric strain potential for subsequent cyclic shearing, thus enhancing its resistance to liquefaction. The model provides a better understanding of the physical processes leading to the liquefaction of saturated and unsaturated sand with and without stress history.     

电脉冲对取向硅钢凝固组织的影响

对熔融态钢液进行处理,研究了电脉冲对于取向硅钢凝固组织的影响作用,利用正交试验法研究了脉冲电容、频率、处理时间和电压等脉冲参数的作用效果.结果表明:电脉冲对钢锭晶粒组织具有明显的细化作用,凝固组织的等轴晶比例大幅上升,影响等轴晶比例的最显著性因素为脉冲频率,最优正交试验参数为电容1 200μF,脉冲频率1 Hz,处理时...